Using Hydraulic Fracturing for Hydrocarbon Extraction Research Paper

Using Hydraulic Fracturing for Hydrocarbon Extraction - Research Paper Example While this process is a simple in principle, the geological differences at the well site affects the exact fracturing process hence raises both safety and efficiency concerns (Golden, John and Hannah, 998). Hydraulic fracturing was commercially explored for the first time in Velma, Oklahoma by Halliburton in the year 1949 to extract gas from limestone deposits. Since then, there have been several technological advancements especially in 1980s that resulted to the discovery of diamond-studded drill bits and horizontal drilling. These technological advancements opened room for gas access in shale formations thus resulted into what is today known as â€Å"shale gale† (Bolonkin, Joseph and Shmuel, 234). Benefits of Hydraulic fracturing as a technology cannot be underestimated given the adverse effects of burning coal and generating nuclear energy. Research shows that Hydraulic fracturing accounts for more than 70% of the development of natural gas which will reduce cost of manufacturing and increase employment opportunities (Middleton et al, 505).Hydraulic fracturing is inevitable as well as a vital aspect of many countries energy’s policy due to its tremendous economic benef its and is estimated that the industry will employ over one million users in the US by 2025 (Middleton et al, 506). However, it is estimated that the cost of a gas well ranges between 2.5 and 3 million dollars depending on the area, local taxes, depth of formation as well as other effects of operating costs such as fresh water availability, equipment and transportation while the United States energy information estimates the costs at about 5.3 million dollars (Middleton et al, 505). This is high compared to the other methods of extraction but economical in the short run. Despite the many benefits of Hydraulic fracturing, the process poses serious risks to the human health and quality of fresh water. One of the serious concerns of Hydraulic fracturing is the large quantities of water used.

Would increasing U.S. economic aid in the [Middle East] region Research Paper

Would increasing U.S. economic aid in the [Middle East] region diminish support for terrorism and anti-American sentiment - Research Paper Example This is where a country that has received foreign aid or is anticipating having their regular installments is bound to be receptive to new ideas. In most cases, this foreign aid functions as a legal bribe. Therefore, if, it is increased it means that people will be more accepting of these new ideas of getting rid of terrorism. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union the US placed itself strategically to implement its views to other countries as a measure, to stop the spread of communism. A telling case is when US sacrificed to give Aid to Russia so that it could not pull out of Chenyanya because  of its significance  in battle against terrorism. This saw the US give eight hundred million dollars to Russia in 1997 and the former nations that were for communism. This is a superb example of how foreign aid can be beneficial in trying to have certain nations sing to the dance of America. The increases of aid will not only help Middle East region accept the new ideas; it will also develop and equip them economicallyii. This will most likely function in diverting their efforts to positive activities that increase their living standards. This is because these terrorist activities come because of boredom due to no employment that can generate money. It is through such circumstances that people from the Middle Eastern seek a leeway out of this by in involving themselves in any activity. This also increases the risk of these people to fall victim of drugs that they believe to reduce their burden. Therefore, the existence of this foreign aid by Americans is sure to help them and minimize on numbers that are being recruited into terrorist groups. Another point is that American is a developed nation with one of the biggest economies and one of the largest populations. iiiThis means that it has many industries to run, people to provide for their needs, and care of its security. More economic aid means that it will function to cater for all these three at the same